Bladder

Bladder uro-oncology focuses on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of bladder cancer and other malignancies of the urinary tract. Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, affecting both men and women, though it is more prevalent in men. It typically begins in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder, known as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), though other forms like squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma can also occur.

Risk factors for bladder cancer include smoking, chronic bladder infections, exposure to certain chemicals, and a history of radiation therapy. Symptoms of bladder cancer can include blood in urine (hematuria), frequent urination, pain during urination, and pelvic discomfort. However, these symptoms can also be indicative of other urinary conditions, making early diagnosis critical.

Treatment options for bladder malignancies vary depending on the stage and grade of the cancer. They may include transurethral resection of the tumor (TURBT), chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or in more advanced cases, radical cystectomy (removal of the bladder). Advanced uro-oncological care may also involve the use of bladder-preserving therapies or the creation of a neobladder (artificial bladder) after cystectomy to restore urinary function. Ongoing research continues to explore better diagnostic tools and treatments for bladder cancer, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients.