Acute Pyelonephritis

Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidney, typically caused by ascending pathogens from the lower urinary tract. It commonly affects women due to their shorter urethra, but it can also occur in men, especially with underlying conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. The most frequent causative organism is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria can also be responsible.

Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis often include fever, chills, flank pain, dysuria (painful urination), frequency, and urgency. Some patients may experience nausea, vomiting, or malaise. The condition can be severe, leading to sepsis or kidney damage if untreated.

Risk factors for acute pyelonephritis include urinary tract obstruction, diabetes, pregnancy, and immune system suppression. Diagnosis is typically made based on clinical signs and symptoms, urine analysis showing pyuria, bacteriuria, and possibly hematuria, along with positive urine culture. Imaging, such as ultrasound or CT scans, may be used to identify complications like abscesses or structural abnormalities.

Treatment involves antibiotics, with the choice depending on local resistance patterns and patient history. In severe cases or when complications arise, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are key to preventing complications such as chronic kidney disease or recurrent infections.